by John J. Haddad and Lama H. Hanbali
Original Research
The immunomodulatory activity of thymulin and related analogues in vivo is not well characterized in the CNS. We have previously provided evidence for an anti-inflammatory potential of thymulin in downregulating proinflammatory cytokines in a NF-κB-dependent mechanism in vitro. Furthermore, we have shown that intracerebroventricular (ICV) treatment with thymulin in the hippocampus (HC) reduced the nuclear localization and activation of NF-κB, an effect mediated by the IκB-α/pIκB- α pathway in vivo. ICV stereotaxic injection of endotoxin (ET) differentially upregulated the nuclear translocation /expression of NF-κB1 (p50), NF-κB2 (p52), RelA (p65), RelB (p68) and c-Rel (p75) in the HC. Pretreatment with thymulin followed by ET exposure reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunits. The anti-inflammatory effect of thymulin seems to be mediated via the IκB-α pathway since thymulin downregulated ET-induced phosphorylation of IκB-α. Stereotaxic pretreatment with synthetic peptide analogue of thymulin (PAT) reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunits, an effect mediated by downregulating the phosphorylation of IκB-α. EMSA revealed dose-dependent inhibition of NF-κB/DNA activation mediated by ICV ET. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effect of thymulin/PAT, mediated by IκB-α, is NF-κB-dependent and involves the downregulation of the nuclear translocation of various NF-κB subunits and their subcellular activation.my wife cheated on me now what do i do
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American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2013, 1(2), 41-49. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-2-2
Pub. Date: May 14, 2013
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by Larisa A. Kurbatova, Iuriy M. Smirnov, Margarita B. Petrova, Elena A. Kharitonova, Natalia V. Pavlova and Nadezhda V. Ilyashenko
Original Research
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American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2013, 1(2), 37-40. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-2-1
Pub. Date: March 17, 2013
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