by Ali S Alhareth, Musaad A Alsulaiman, Abo baker I Alshomrani, Waleed A Alyami and Hamad M Harthi
Original Research
Tenascin-C (TNC), a matricellular protein. TNC-AD1 isoform is molecular weight (MW) isoform has been shown to be over-expressed in high grade carcinoma hormone insensitive breast cancers in younger women. The aim of this study was to generate antibodies targeting the AD1 domain for use in tissue and functional studies. Bioinformatics analysis was preformed to select sequences within the AD1 domain for targeting with anti-peptide antibodies. Subsequently, the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of AD1-containing isoforms of TNC was carried out to analyse to validate the antibody specificity. In addition, the successful antibody for the detection of TNC-AD1 specify was also tested in breast cancer tissue. Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry analysis showed specific reactivity for the generated antibody with staining found to be cytoplasmic in cell lines and both the cytoplasm and ECM in breast cancer tissues; whereas western blot analysis showed no immunoreactivity detected for TNC-AD1 expression using the anti-AD1 antibodies. In conclusion, the generated antibody against TNC-AD1 was successfully recognised TNC-AD1 may serve as a specific tool for further functional studies of the pathological role of TNC-AD1 in breast cancer.
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2019, 7(1), 24-28. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-7-1-5
Pub. Date: February 22, 2019
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by Md. Ashraful Azim, Mohammad Ashfaqur Rahman and Farhana Karim
Original Research
Vasculosyncytial membrane is the only structural barrier between maternal and fetal circulation found in the wall of the terminal chorionic villi. Its normal function is essential for the survivability of a growing fetus. Understand the role of the placenta during fetal growth; it is necessary to know changes of vasculosyncytial membrane with gestational age. This study carried out on total ninety products of conception and placenta, and all the collected samples divided into three groups. One group included 30 products of conception from the first-trimester pregnant woman, and another two groups included a total of 60 placentae from the second and third-trimester pregnant woman. All the placentae were fixed in 10% formol saline for 48 hours, after fixation two tissue blocks taken from each specimen. After tissue processing and staining, the histomorphological changes studied among three groups under the light microscope — statistical analysis done by ANOVA test. In the first-trimester placenta, vasculosyncytial membrane was absent. In the second trimester, it ranged from 5.1 – 15.00 μm and the mean ± SD was 8.54 ± 0.84 μm. In the third trimester, it ranged from 1.90 – 4.70 μm, and the mean ± SD was 3.12 ± 0.73 μm. Vasculosyncytial membrane thickness significantly reduced with the aging of the placenta. The study findings suggest placental tissue continued to grow until term. Rate of exchange of gas and other nutrients supposed to be more with the advancement of pregnancy.
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2019, 7(1), 20-23. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-7-1-4
Pub. Date: October 22, 2019
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by Neama Esmat Mahmoud, Marwa Mohamed Osman, Safa Ibrahim Gebril, Romaisaa Mubarak Babiker, Ruaa Mohamed Almardi, Zainab Abd Elgafour Osman, Sajda Mergany Silman, Manasik gumah Adam, Alsmawal Awad Elimam, Zohal AbdalAzeem Bala, Tarig Abdalleh Mohammed and Ayat Adil Mohammed
Original Research
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a single strand, negative sense, an envelope spherical particle, of size 80 - 120 nm, segmented RNA virus that belongs to Genus: Phlebovirus of Bunyaviridae family. The clinical manifestations of the disease among animals are abortion and death of newborns. While in humans, although the disease is mild or asymptomatic, there are several reports of high fatality rates. The M segment of RVF virus Genome which encodes the envelope glycoprotein has been used to design a vaccine for immunization against this virus. we aimed to design a novel peptide-based vaccine for RVFV using immunoinformatic approach to predict highly conserved epitopes against glycoprotein receptor" Gn and Gc" of M protein, that can mediate immune response which can use later to produce a new vaccine that could replace the conventional vaccine. A total of 118 sequences of M protein of RVFV were retrieved from NCBI database and stored as FASTA format for immunoinformatics analysis. ClustalW multiple alignment using BioEdit sequence alignment editor (v7.0.9) was performed to the retrieved sequences to identify the conserved region compared to M protein RVFV reference sequence under gene bank accession number [YP_003848705.1]. The B and T cell epitopes prediction is done by immune epitope database (IEDB). (IEDB) predicted B cell epitopes by Bepipred linear epitope prediction analysis and T cell epitopes using Major Histocompatibility Complex class I and ll binding prediction tool based on Stabilized Matrix Method (SMM). Allergenicity for the Helper T cell epitopes (HTL) predicted using AllerTop software. TAP transporter and Proteasomal cleavage for Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) were predicted from (IEDB). The population coverage over the world was determined. The four best predicted CTL namely (836HTYLQSVRK844, 672IPRYSTYLM680, 1085ILHFTVPEV1093and 834FVHTYLQSV842) were docked with HLA-B*35 and suggested to be universal peptide vaccine for immunization against RVFV. The typical overlapping between the MHC Class I epitope (834FVHTYLQSV842) and MHC Class II (834FVHTYLQSV842) suggest the possibility to presenting these antigens to immune system via both MHC class I and II pathways. In conclusion; the four CTL epitopes are selected as vaccine candidates to develop safer and easier to manufacture without need of culture vaccine for prophylactic method against this virus. We recommend to confirm our result by doing additional in vivo and in vitro complementary steps to support this novel predicted vaccine.
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2019, 7(1), 12-19. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-7-1-3
Pub. Date: September 19, 2019
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by Phillip Abutu, Oyewumi Amuda, Oluwatobiloba Osinaya and Bemjamin Babatunde
Original Research
Medicinal plants are important elements of indigenous medicinal system that have persisted in developing countries. Compounds that are capable of interacting with the immune system to up regulate or down regulate specific aspects of the host can be classified as immunomodulators. This study aimed at determining the regulatory activity of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera in leukemic wistar rats using Tumuor necrosis factor assay. Thirty adult wistar rats were divided into three groups each containing ten wistar rats. Intravenous injection of 0.2 mg/ml of benzene chromosolv was administered 48 hourly for four weeks. 0.2 ml of 100 mg/ml of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera was administered orally pre, during and post leukemia induction. Group A (Normal rats), Group B (benzene administration only) and Group C (benzene + ethanol Moringa oleiferaextract). After a total period of eight weeks, the plasma samples of each of the groups was collected and analyzed using TNF-α kit by ELISA technique. The result showed that there was no significant difference in TNF-α levels between all the groups. However there was a mean ± standard deviation difference between the groups; the group of rats induced with leukemia without treatment (leukemia control) with 229.38 ± 58.17 ng/L, those treated with EMO after induction of leukemia had a mean and standard deviation of 219.38 ± 18.52 ng/L while the normal control group 209.04 ± 17.51 ng/L. This study concluded that the anti-cancer properties of Ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera results in the down regulation of TNF-α as treatment of cancer occurs. Also TNF-α level may be indicative of the clinical efficacy of therapy.
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2019, 7(1), 6-11. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-7-1-2
Pub. Date: September 16, 2019
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by Saif Al-Jammas
Original Research
The current study was carried out to assess the nephrotoxicity induced by Cytosar in kidneys of rabbits from the histological aspect. The treated group with a dose of (50 mg/kg/daily) of Cytosar for 5 days, showed clear histological changes represented by glomerular atrophy and widening of Bowman’s spaces, infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages within cortex, renal tubular necrosis, cortical hemorrhage and fibrosis as well as formation of tubular hyaline cast was also observed. The present study showed that Cytosar is a nephrotoxic drug when used repeatedly at this dosage which could lead to irreversible renal damage and finally renal failure.
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2019, 7(1), 1-5. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-7-1-1
Pub. Date: June 02, 2019
11253 Views2004 Downloads