Volume 3, Issue 4

Integrated Planetary Outpost Simulation to Assess Crew Psychophysiological Response as a First Approach to a Lunar/Mars Manned Base Settlement
Original Research
One of the most effective and complex concepts in planetary settlement is the integration of interfaces such as habitat modules, rover vehicles and space suits that can connect via airlocks, suitports and tunnels, and can disconnect to operate independently. This scenario is ideal to assess common symptoms during spaceflight missions such as fatigue, sleep loss, circadian desynchronization and work overload, This paper describes the main features of an integrated system built at the Human Spaceflight Laboratory from the Department of Space Studies at the University of North Dakota and a series of feasible measurements that can be conducted there to assess psychophysiological responses of a crew during confinement. This approach may contribute in the analysis of environmental mission conditions that interfere with sleep quality and individual vulnerabilities associated to sleep loss and circadian desynchronization.
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American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2015, 3(4), 107-112. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-3-4-5
Pub. Date: June 10, 2015
17954 Views6746 Downloads3 Likes
Impact of Simulated Microgravity on Nanoemulsion Stability – A Preliminary Research
Original Research
Purpose: This project includes an analysis of nanoemulsions in microgravity simulation. Based on the understanding of these simulations, we can design and produce nanoemulsion drugs stable enough to go on the mission to space. Methods: Oil in water nanoemulsions were formulated using 30% oil and 70% water phase. A total of five nanoemulsions: control, carbamazepine, diclofenac sodium, fenofibrate, and melatonin were prepared via sonication method. The average viscosity of the emulsions was 33.3 ± 6.5 cP and the average pH was 6.27 ± 0.62. These nanoemulsions were characterized for particle size distribution and zeta potential before and after 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days in microgravity simulation by using a three-dimensional Clinostat. Results: Before microgravity simulation, the control, carbamazepine, diclofenac, fenofibrate, and melatonin had an average particle size of 254.1, 202.3, 909.3 221.1, and 226.9 nm, respectively. From day 1 to day 7 in microgravity simulation, the control, carbamazepine, diclofenac, fenofibrate and melatonin nanoemulsions decreased in particle size by 25.5, 4.4, 137.7, 7.9, and 0.6 nm, respectively. The zeta potential of all nanoemulsions were in the range of -64.3 to -68.0 mV, with exception of diclofenac. Conclusion: Throughout 7 days in microgravity simulation, all of the nanoemulsions remained stable and decreased in particle size. Future research must be done on the stability of nanoemulsions containing different drugs and evaluating the drug stability using High Performance Liquid Chromatography analytical method. It is also essential to simulate microgravity for a longer period of time in order to truly determine its effect on drug stability.
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American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2015, 3(4), 102-106. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-3-4-4
Pub. Date: June 10, 2015
13693 Views4523 Downloads4 Likes1 Citations
A Gender comparison of Cardiovascular Responses to Lower Body Negative Pressure Exposure
Original Research
The purpose of this study was to compare the LBNP tolerance between genders. Twenty healthy subjects (8 men, 12 women) were exposed to 10 min of 45mmHg LBNP. Baseline was taken in the sitting and supine positions. Finger blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously. Stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were calculated by a pulse contour method. Baseline cardiovascular variables were similar in all females, independently of the menstrual cycle phase and they were considered as one group. Seven of 8 men and 7 of 12 women completed the 10 min of LBNP. Non-finishers (n=6) increased heart rate, decreased systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, calculated SV and CO in comparison with the Finisher (n=14) group (p<0.05). Both groups, however, maintained TPR unchanged during the exposure to LBNP. This suggests the tolerance to LBNP is related to the capability of both avoiding too large a decrease in SV, and inducing an adequate vasoconstriction response.
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American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2015, 3(4), 95-101. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-3-4-3
Pub. Date: June 10, 2015
15626 Views4571 Downloads3 Likes
A New Electronically Monitored Centrifuge for the Analysis of Plant Growth in Simulated Hypergravity
Original Research
Hypergravity is able to stimulate at a cellular level both the lignin formation and the peroxidase enzyme action in plants. Centrifuges have proven to be one of the most important tools for researchers for simulating such conditions. This paper presents a new design for a centrifuge simulating hypergravity used for plant experiments. It represents a more robust and completely redesigned equipment based on a previous centrifuge project by the MicroG Centre. Distinct experiments using plants have been performed in order to validate the centrifuge. Eruca Sativa Mill. samples have undergone growth and germination whilst being submitted to spinning at +7G, both in the new and in a pre-existing centrifuge. The obtained results have been compared to each other and to samples grown under conditions of 1 Gz.
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American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2015, 3(4), 88-94. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-3-4-2
Pub. Date: June 10, 2015
22008 Views7508 Downloads2 Likes1 Citations
Muscle Activity during the Performance of CPR in Simulated Microgravity and Hypogravity
Original Research
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a series of resuscitation actions that improve the survival chances after a cardiac arrest, maintaining tissue perfusion through sternal compressions. The aim of this study was to clarify potential differences in upper body muscle activity related to CPR in microgravity and hypogravity (Mars gravitational field). Thirty healthy male volunteers each performed 3 sessions of 30 external chest compressions (ECCs) on a mannequin, during which time the muscle activity of the pectoralis major, triceps brachii and rectus abdominis were recorded via superficial electromyography. Hypogravity and microgravity were simulated by means of a body suspension device and a counterweight system, to which the volunteer was connected via a harness. The standard terrestrial (1G) CPR position was adopted in simulated hypogravity, and the Evetts–Russomano method was used in simulated microgravity. Heart rate and perceived exertion were also measured via Borg scale. No significant difference was found between the ECCs per minute and per set of compressions when performed at 1G and in simulated hypogravity. However, the mean depth achieved during compressions showed a significant difference in hipogravity. After 3 sets of 30 ECCs, mean heart rate showed an increase from rest values to those obtained from the 3 gravitational fields, and also from 1G to microgravity, but not from 1G to hypogravity. Mean of perceived exertion presented a significant increase from 1G to hypograviy and to microgravity. Muscle activation during the performance of CPR at 1G and hypogravity was significantly higher for the rectus abdominis. All muscles were more active during CPR in microgravity when compared with 1G. These findings suggest that the rescuer should be physically well trained in order to deliver adequate CPR in extraterrestrial environments. The physical training should aim to improve muscular endurance and cardiorespiratory capacity to increase effectiveness of the rescuer emergency assistance.
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American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2015, 3(4), 82-87. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-3-4-1
Pub. Date: June 10, 2015
17733 Views6819 Downloads3 Likes
Osteometric Assessment of the Mastoids for Gender Determination in Jordanians by Discriminant Function Analysis
Original Research
The purpose of this study was, firstly, to characterize the mastoid process in terms of its size, its surface area, its flare and its medial convergence angle on a sample of Jordanian subjects; and secondly, to assess the validity of the mastoid process in determining the gender of the study subjects. The sample of the study comprised 192 3D skull images with known sex, 96 each male and female, those were obtained by rendering DICOM images from cone-beam computerized tomography of the subjects. Radiographic measurements, using customized software, accurately characterized the subjects’ mastoids. Discriminant function analysis revealed that mastoid process correctly classified the sex in 90.6 percent of the subjects and the intermastoidale distance was found to be the best determinant for sex. A discriminant function equation specific for young and middle age Jordanians has been derived from the mastoid variables.
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American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2015, 3(4), 117-123. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-3-4-7
Pub. Date: July 03, 2015
19861 Views6378 Downloads1 Likes
Analysis of expression of mRNA Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 gene and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 in Intraperitoneal Adhesion after Usage of Hyaluronate acid-Carboxymethylcellulose (HA-CMC) or Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)
Original Research
Background: Purpose : To understand the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 mRNA gene and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in normal peritoneum tissue and intraperitoneal adhesion tissue after the usage of virgin coconut oil (VCO) and hyaluronate Acid-carboxymethylcellulose (HA-CMC). Methods: The research is using an experimental lab rat “rattus norvegicus strain wistar” which is divided into 3 groups. Laparotomy (pre) is done to gain parietal peritoneum tissue at the lower left quadrant of the abdomen, in order to obtain the expression of mRNA gene MMP-8 and TIMP-1. First group was control group, second group was treated with VCO, while the third group was treated with HA-CMC. After two weeks period, another relaparotomy (post) was held to obtain the adhesion tissue and to run another examination on the MMP-8 mRNA gene expression and TIMP-1. Results: There is a meaningful decrease for the MMP-8 mRNA gene expression in the peritoneum tissue for the control group at the pre and post laparotomy (p<0,001). There is a meaningful over expression of TIMP-1 mRNA gene expression at pre dan post laparatomy of control group (p<0,001). While on the other hand, at the VCO nor HA-CMC group, there is an insignificant increase of MMP-8 mRNA gene expression (p=0,075 and p=0,791) and insignificant decrease of TIMP-1 mRNA gene expression (p=0,015 and p=0,368). Conclusion: The decrease of MMP-8 mRNA gene expression and the increasing of TIMP-1 mRNA gene expression of control group shows a high risk of adhesion incidence. Although it is not statistically meaningful, the result of MMP-8 mRNA and TIMP-1 mRNA gene expression of VCO and HA-CMC indicates that there is a decrease of intraperitoneal adhesion risks, and the nature of VCO anti adhesive compared to HA-CMC.
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American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2015, 3(4), 113-116. DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-3-4-6
Pub. Date: June 29, 2015
14910 Views5336 Downloads9 Likes