A. Fouad, R. Gomaa and M. Farag. A Study of Possible Association between Cannabinoid Receptor Gene II and Drug Dependence.
. 2016; 4(4):66-72. doi: 10.12691/AJMBR-4-4-1
cannabinoid receptor gene, CB2, polymorphism, drug dependence, PCR, HapII RFLP, cannabis, and tramadol
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
[1] | Weiss RD. Drug abuse and dependence. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Medicine. 24Th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2012; 146-58. |
|
[2] | Hyman SE. Biology of Addiction. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Medicine. 24 Th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2012; 140-2. |
|
[3] | Carter A, Capps B, Wayne H. What is addiction? In: Addiction neurobiology: Ethical and social implications. 9Th ed Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009; 21-8. |
|
[4] | Okasha A, Khalil A, Fahmy M. Psychological understanding of Egyptian heroin users. Egypt J Psychiatry1999; 13: 37-49. |
|
[5] | Merikangas KR, Stolar M, Stevens DE, Goulet J, Preisig MA, Fenton B, Zhang H, O'Malley SS, Rounsaville BJ. Familial transmission of substance use disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 973-9. |
|
[6] | Ball D, Collier D. Substance misuse. In: Mc Guffin P, Owen MJ, Gottesman II, eds. Psychiatric genetics and genomics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002:267-302. |
|
[7] | Ball D, Pembrey M, Stevens D. Genomics. In: Nutt D, Robbins T, Stimson G, Ince M, Jackson A, eds. Drugs and the future: Brain science, addiction and society. London: Academic Press, 2007: 89-132. |
|
[8] | Goldman D, Oroszi G, Ducci F. The genetics of addictions: Uncovering the genes. Nature Reviews Genetics 2005; 6:521-32. |
|
[9] | Nestler EJ. Genes and addiction. Nature Genetics 2000; 26: 277-81. |
|
[10] | Uhl GR, Li MD, Gelertner J, Berrettini W, Pollock J. Molecular genetics of addiction vulnerability and treatment responses. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29:26. |
|
[11] | Kendler KS, Neale MC, Heath AC, Kessler RC, Eaves LJ.A twin-family study of alcoholism in women. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151 (5):707-15. |
|
[12] | Tyndale RF. Genetics of alcohol and tobacco use in humans. Annals of Medicine 2003; 35(2): 94-121. |
|
[13] | Hall W, Morley KL, Lucke JC. The prediction of disease risk in genomic medicine: Scientific prospects and implications for public policy and ethics. EMBO Reports 2004; 5:22-6. |
|
[14] | Khoury MJ, McCabe LL, McCabe ER. Genomic medicine - population screening in the age of genomic medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 2003; 348:50-8. |
|
[15] | Khoury MJ, Yang QH, Gwinn M, Little JL, Flanders WD. An epidemiologic assessment of genomic profiling for measuring susceptibility to common diseases and targeting interventions. Genetics in Medicine 2004; 6:38-47. |
|
[16] | Lerman C, Berrettini W. Elucidating the role of genetic factors in smoking behavior and nicotine dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics 2003; 118:48-54. |
|
[17] | Comings DE, Blum K. Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. Progress in Brain Research 2000; 126:325-41. |
|
[18] | Quattrocki E, Baird A, Yurgelun-Todd D. Biological aspects of the link between smoking and depression. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 2000; 8:99-110. |
|
[19] | Kauer J, Malenka RC. Synaptic plasticity and addiction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2007; 8: 844-58. |
|
[20] | Rhee SH, Hewitt JK, Young SE, Corley RP, Crowley TJ, Stallings MC. Genetic and environmental influences on substance initiation, use, and problem use in adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60:1256-64. |
|
[21] | Duggirala R, Almasy L, Blangero J. Smoking behavior is under the influence of a major quantitative trait locus on human chromosome 5q. Genetic Epidemiology1999; 17(1):139-44. |
|
[22] | Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 1993; 365: 61-5. |
|
[23] | Sipe JC, Arbour N, Gerber A, Beutler E. Reduced endocannabinoid immune modulation by a common cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor gene polymorphism: possible risk for autoimmune disorders. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78: 231-8. |
|
[24] | Karsak M, Cohen-Solal M, Freudenberg J, Ostertag A, Morieux C, Kornak U. The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CNR2) gene is associated with human osteoporosis. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 4: 4. |
|
[25] | Anonymous. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000. |
|
[26] | Pouliopoulos A, Spagou K, Raikos N, Tsoukali H. Immunoassay technologies for drugs of abuse testing - General principles - Recognized advantages and disadvantages. Aristotle University Medical Journal 2007; 34(2):19-24. |
|
[27] | Illustra pure Taq Ready-To-Go PCR Beads. Product booklet. Code:27-9559-01. http://www.gelifesciences.com. |
|
[28] | Ishiguro H, Iwasaki S,Teasenfitz L, Higuchi S, Horiuchi Y, Saito T, Arinami T, Onaivi ES. Involvement of cannabinoid CB2 receptor in alcohol preference in mice and alcoholism in humans. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 2007; 7: 380-5. |
|
[29] | Howlett AC. The cannabinoid receptors. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2002; 6869:619-31. |
|
[30] | Mackie K. Cannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they do. J. Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20: 4-10. |
|
[31] | Graham ES, Ashton JC, Glass M. Cannabinoid receptors: a brief history and what's hot. Front Biosci 2009; 14: 944-57. |
|
[32] | Ishiguro H, Iwasaki S,Teasenfitz L, Higuchi S, Horiuchi Y, Saito T, Arinami T, Onaivi ES. Involvement of cannabinoid CB2 receptor in alcohol preference in mice and alcoholism in humans. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 2007; 7: 380-5. |
|
[33] | Brown SM, Wager-Miller J, Mackie K. Cloning and molecular characterization of the rat CB2 cannabinoid receptor. Biochem Biophys Acta 2002; 1576: 255-64. |
|
[34] | Lauber J, Marsac C, Kadenbach B, Seibel P. Mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes: a frequent cause of neuromuscular diseases. Nucl. Acids Res 1991; 19(7):1393-7. |
|
[35] | Rodham K, Hawton K, Evans E,Weatherall R. Ethnic and gender differences in drinking, smoking and drug taking among adolescents in England: a self-report school-based survey of 15 and16 year old. J Adolesc 2005; 28: 63-73. |
|
[36] | Bloor R. The influence of age and gender on drug use in the United Kingdom-a review. Am J Add 2006; 15: 201- 07. |
|
[37] | Fergusson DM, Boden, JM, Horwood LJ. The developmental antecedents of illicit drug use: Evidence from a 25-year longitudinal study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008; 96: 165-77. |
|
[38] | National Institute on Drug Abuse. Gender differences in drug abuse, risks and treatment. NIDA 2000; 15: 4. |
|
[39] | Ghanem AA, Abdel Rahman RH, Mandour RA, Attia AM. Detection of some substances of abuse during daily practice in emergency hospital, Mansoura University. Uiversity Mansoura J. Forensic Med. Clin. Toxicol 2010; 18 (1):65-79. |
|
[40] | Emara AM. Toxicological, biochemical, psychological study on patients with drug abuse. M.D. Thesis of Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University. 1998. |
|
[41] | Brady KT, Randall CL. Gender differences in substances use disorders. Psych Clin North Am 1999; 22(2):241-52. |
|
[42] | Elekes Z, Kovacs L. Old and new drug consumption habits in Hungary, Romania and Moldova. Eur Addict Res 2002; 8:166-9. |
|
[43] | Cirakoglu OC, Isin G. Perception of drug addiction among Turkish university students: Causes, cures and attitudes. Addictive behaviors 2005; 30:1-8. |
|
[44] | Kaul P, Coupey SM. Clinical evaluation of substance abuse .Ped Rev 2002; 23(3): 85-93. |
|
[45] | SoueifMI, HanourahM, DarweeshZ, El-SayedA, YunisF, Taha H. The use of psychoactive substances by female Egyptian university students, compared with their male colleagues on selected items. Drug Alcohol Depend.1987; (19): 233-47. |
|
[46] | Wahdan N. Social and economic effects of the phenomenon of spread of narcotics in Egypt. National Institute for Planning, Social and Cultural Planning Center and Police Research Center. 1986; 1425. |
|
[47] | Anonymous. Use, abuse and addiction, preliminary report. National Research on Addiction. Ministry of Health. Egypt: 1996. |
|
[48] | El-Sawy H, Abdel Hay M and Badawy A. Gender Differences in Risks and Pattern of Drug Abuse in Egypt. Egypt J Neurol psychiat Neurosug 2010; 47(3):413-18. |
|
[49] | Bonomo Y, Proimos, J. Substance misuse: alcohol, tobacco, inhalants and other drugs. BMJ 2005; 330:777-80. |
|
[50] | Lewis KS, Han NH. Tramadol: A new centrally acting analgesic. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1997; 54:643-652. |
|
[51] | Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Miller JY. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin 1992; 112: 64-105. |
|